![]() Other examples are Blechschmidt’s models and drawings of human embryos 3, 4, and van Mierop’s images of the developing heart 5, which were redrawn by Netter 6. Examples of often used or cited classical models are Born’s “Plattenmodellen”, and Ziegler’s freehand models of embryos, which were studied and described by His 1, 2. Many aspects of embryonic development are topographically complex, such that three-dimensional (3D) models are exceedingly helpful in fully understanding temporal events. The remodeling of the interventricular foramen is complete at 7 weeks.Įmbryology is a visual discipline. Between 5.5 and 6.5 weeks, as the outflow tract becomes incorporated in the ventricles, the spiraling course of its subaortic and subpulmonary channels is transferred to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. Septation at the venous pole is completed at 6 weeks. The basic cardiac layout is established between 3.5 and 4.5 weeks. Pictorial timelines of structures highlight age-dependent events, while graphs visualize growth and spiraling of the wall of the heart tube. We describe the developmental appearance and subsequent remodeling of 70 different structures incrementally, using sequential segmental analysis. The models were visualized as calibrated interactive 3D-PDFs. We prepared detailed reconstructions of 12 hearts between 3.5 and 8 weeks post fertilization, using Amira® 3D-reconstruction and Cinema4D®-remodeling software. No comprehensive 3-dimensional primer of human cardiac development is currently available. Heart development is topographically complex and requires visualization to understand its progression.
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